'Recounts Of The Birth Of Singapore Essay\r'

'Who / Year\r\nHow it get goinged\r\nWhen the reign terminate\r\nWhy he left\r\nSe swayah Melayu\r\nSeri Teri Buana, Prince of Palem prohibitiong / 1299\r\n firm to stay after he byword the merlion and renamed Temasek as Singapura aft(prenominal) 5 generations / 1396\r\n ultimately king, Iskandar Shah betrayed by his finish official who opened the furnish for invading Javanese forces Lusitanian recounts\r\nParameswara, Prince of Palembang / 1392\r\nFled Majapahit forces despatched to compression the rebellion he staged After 4 years / 1396 Assassinated array who welcomed him. Fled the ensuing Siamese forces set to strike back for the dead prescript\r\nAccounts on the consanguinity of Singapura\r\nSejarah Melayu\r\nPortuguese accounts\r\nâ€Å"Singapura as an auspicious location, a new city to be schematic”\r\n1299: Seri Teri Buana leaves Palembang, arrives, disc e actually overed and renamed the place as Singapura\r\nEnds his reign after 48 years when he died, succeeded by his son\r\nReign stop after 5 generations, in 1396\r\nSingapura was knock-down(a) and able to ch onlyenge Majapahit, the major hegemon in the archipelago\r\nWhy singapura had motive?\r\nSecond ruler of Singapura, son of Seri Teri Buana, married to daughter of Tamil ruler of Kalinga Singapura had standings among the Indian kingdoms\r\nReason for its terminus: 1396, Last king, Sultan Iskandar Shah was betrayed by superstar of his officials , to the invading Majapahit\r\nIskandar Shah fled singapura, went to Melaka to set up a embrasure-city â€Å"Singapura as a refuge”\r\n1392: Parameswara arrives after fleeing an unsuccessful up cost increase against Majapahit in Palembang; he then kills his host, and takes over Singapura\r\nReason for its end up: 1396, Parameswara forced to flee from an invading Thai force sent to avenge the slaughter of its vassal\r\nGreat civilizations of Asia: mainland mentuma, India and Middle due easterly\r\nïÆ' Affected stinting, social and political biography of the coastal air-states of Melaka fountainhead region\r\nHow did the behavior small towns along the Melaka chief region kick the bucket? (dependent on work context)\r\n1. Asian oceanic trade involving exchange of goods between states in s offh chinaware sea and indian ocean One main embrasure in the Melaka straits emerges as the terminus , the centrifugal point between the regimen grocery stores in these two major Asian economic regions The other ports in the Melaka straits subsumes themselves on a lower floor this chief entrepot, acting as bird feeder ports, servicing the chief port’s economic ingests, benefitting from the Asian trade promptly\r\n2. great deal context differed, no need for chief entrepot port\r\n-ports point their economic outlook towards key markets that were appressed to them -ports on northernern end of MS cogitate on India and Middle tocopherol -ports\r\non southern end (incl sg) foc apply on th e malay archipelago, mainland sea and china\r\nTemasek:\r\n-collection centre\r\n-export gateway for harvest-tides obtainable from flying area (for morsel Johor and Riau Arcipelago)\r\nïÆ' Chinese ceramic and frappeware imported by Temasek were similar, glass ware had similar com dresss\r\n(Shows that Riau Archipelago was intimately associate to Temasek!)\r\nSingapura\r\nRegion\r\n1402\r\nSingapura comes under Melaka Sultanate. Acts as the class stern of the Orang Laut, warriors of the Melaka sultans Parameswara establishes Kingdom of Melaka\r\n1511\r\nMelaka go to the Portuguese\r\n1528\r\nLast sultan of Melaka establishes Johor Sultanate up the Johor River 1530\r\nOrang Laut chief defends Singapura against Portuguese attacks series of Portuguese attacks on Johor Sultanate\r\nYear\r\nfourteenth Temasek\r\nRegion\r\n chinaware\r\nBefore 990\r\nChinese ships banned from venturing abroad to trade\r\n990\r\n宋 raise ban though trade, however, still exceedingly contr olled: -ships had to register at the Guangzhou port in the first place they could embark on a journeying to SEA maritime market did non expand significantly\r\ntrade continue to be facilitated by foreign ships (arab origin) ïÆ' types of goods brought and slew of maritime trade could not be dictated by Chinese market 1079\r\n Malayanu at Jambi became premier emporium in the Melaka nous\r\n1087- 1090\r\nFrom small volume, high determine exotic goods to large volume, low shelter mundane goods SEA: all important(p) book of facts of low value goods (rich in inhering resources, geographical proximity) Chinese vessels permitted to go on overseas voyages as long as they turn out permits and their de dampure was officially registered by local administration 1127\r\nTemasek wizard of legion(predicate) ports in the region that emerged to action Chinese traders Srivijaya loses chief enterpot port position\r\n elaborateness of maritime trade and growth of coastal cities under So ong Dynasty 1275\r\nAccording to Daoyi Zhilue, Temasek specialised in hornbill, lakawood and cotton. (competitive advantage) Temasek served as a art hub for a regional boondocks Jambi, capital of Srivijaya, sack by encroachment forces. Port-settlements mushroomed along Melaka Straits\r\n1279\r\nYuan Dynasty encourages maritime trade\r\n1299\r\nSeri Teri Buana arrives\r\n-commanded a large retinue of boat people (Orang Laut)\r\n1330s\r\nWang Dayuan arrives in Temasek and records a Thai invasion that was thwarted by a Chinese mission\r\n1368\r\nTemasek ceded to Melaka in return for y archean fixed payment of gold. Temasek’s cosmea as supreme port-settlement came to an end Prince from Palembang secured fillet of sole rights to conduct trade with Ming court, Melaka became the key port of call Zhu Yuanzhang overthrows Yuan Dynasty and reinstates trade ban\r\nFort Canning Hill\r\nMain settlement Area\r\nWhere\r\nNorth cuss of the capital of capital of capital of capital of ca pital of capital of capital of capital of capital of capital of capital of capital of capital of Singapore River\r\nWho inhabited\r\n gallant family, ruling family\r\nWhat is it employ for\r\nCentre of ritual and political activities in Temasek\r\nLocation of main settlements and economic activities of Temasek (e.g. trading)\r\nHow did it looked same\r\nArtisan Quarters\r\nLower east gear of hammock is the artisan and servants living quarters; high tautness of glass fragments, beads, ceramic moulds suggest glass- and jewellery-making Religious put\r\nhigher(prenominal) up east slope, lies remains of a building foundation of ghostlike entailment; non-perishable materials were used for the construction\r\nRoyal residency\r\nOn the northern slope earnest the summit of the hill was an impressive terrasse site promising used to can the ruling family Restricted Space\r\nRoyal garden and palace on the hill’s eastern and northern slope were inaccessible to commonaltyers due to salt bourne to the west and forest up north\r\nBoundaries / exoneration\r\nThe royal residency is likely to have a perimeter defense lawyers and there is likely to have spacial demarcation to mark out the functions of the spaces archeological findings in new fantan kinfolk, Empress Place, capital of Sri Lanka Court Site, Singapore Cricket gild and St. Andrew’s Cathedral revealed: Earthenware\r\nWater containers and readiness pots were mostly make in Singapore.\r\n plush-like Stoneware Ceramics\r\nStorage jars and bottles were entirely imported from aboard. close likely used to store foodstuff or other smaller ceramic pieces to be carried around\r\nFine Stoneware and Porcelain\r\nCeramics were product of kilns in Guangdong and Fujian. Yuan finis sour and white porcelain were in addition recovered\r\n coat Finds\r\nCopper coins minted during Song period with some(prenominal) minted in Yuan. No coins post-date Yuan. Yuan used paper currency extensively and i n Ming, Singapore no longer autonomous port\r\nEvidence\r\nThis form of religious architecture was fairly common end-to-end island Southeast Asia in the classical period Archaeologists unearthed rare and valuable Chinese ceramics; plastic gold armlets of Javanese-inspired designs near Fort Canning site Occurrence of iron and copper finds entirely at pertly Parliament dramaturgy site suggests metal smelting and functional pure there Large quantities of storage jar shards from Empress Place and Old Parliament House suggest unloading of trade goods off ships and location of storage facilities Higher concentration of copper coins at New Parliament House, Singapore Cricket club and St. Andrew’s Cathedral suggests trade conducted further inland, multinational from the harbour and warehouses\r\nContext:\r\nStraits of Melaka and Sunda Straits the only two channels connecting the South China Sea to the Indian Ocean. tame of the waters around Singapore would have accorded co ntrol, security & ampere; economic benefits to the actor that\r\nwas able to project that strategic capability.\r\nBuild-up:\r\nAs previous(predicate) as 1620s, Ming had the detailed preserve navigational know-how finished the Keppel Straits Portuguese also had the knowledge by early 16th Century\r\nEvent\r\nBritain took over Dutch territories in Java & Melaka after Dutch loss to France in the war in Europe 1818\r\n gift assigned to Sumartra as Lieutenant-Governor\r\n28 Jan 1819\r\nraffle anchored off St John’s Island\r\n6 Feb 1819\r\nTreaty that gave British rights to set up a factory in exchange for money to Tengku ibn Talal Hussein and Temenggong was signed June 1819\r\n raffle off signed further agreements with ibn Talal Hussein and Temenggong that prescribe the administration of the settlement, limiting their influence on Singapore Oct 1822\r\n1 June 1824\r\nCrawfurd halt all payments to Husain by alleging that agreements to pay Husain was not legitimate and Hu sain in return owed the East India Company money. In order to repay the debts, Crawfurd treasured Husain to sign a new agreement that gave up Husain’s power in the island 2 Aug 1824\r\nNew pact signed\r\nPlayers leading to the introduction of colonial Singapore\r\nMaritime Network\r\nUp till 1923, Singapore was a trading port without a clearly delineate backwoods that could only be reached by sea. The economic networks that amazeed Singapore operated on an extended sea-lined foreland covering a good stack of Indian Ocean and South China Sea. As a colonial port, Singapore’s trade was predominantly Asian. SEA accounted for a quarter, China 12%. overland trade with SEA was insignificant, hence Singapore’s position between two oceans was more important than being on the southernmost tip of Asia.\r\nLate ordinal ascorbic acid: Singapore gradually became a s rap musicle port from which Malayan commodities much(prenominal) as tin and pencil eraser were gr aceful and exported to the rest of the world Tin\r\n beseech for tin exploded in 1810 with the ledger entry of tin cans (also used in American Civil War for preserved food for troops) Tin mining mostly do by Malays prior to nineteenth century Chinese labourers began coming to Malaya after the grounding of Pinang to work in tin mines since Malays were loth to increase production to execute the rising demand for tin In 1874, British signed the Pangkor Engagement with the Malay sultans to take law and order through the establishment of a British resident (to cheer their investments in the tin industry) Brought abt peace and stability, olibanum captureing more investments and more Chinese migration 1890, western tin-smelter built by Straits Trading company as a European investment\r\nRubber\r\n discipline of motor car industry in United States ïÆ' led to establishing of rubber plantations in Malaya Ridley persistently promoted rubber as a cash crop\r\nDiscovered how to tap ru bber sap without damaging the head in 1897 1908, despite protests by capital of the United Kingdom agents, british firms in sg banded tgt to start rubber market in capital of Singapore 3 years later, Rubber connectedness handled sale of rubber; Singapore authentic into an important international rubber market 1905\r\nShipping industry developed to serve the new port-city , Colonial government mistaken control and development of the port to meet the change magnitude demand Tanjong Pagar Dock regulating began converting into Singapore Harbour Board 1924\r\n way link between Malaya and Singapore opened, answer the tin, rubber and oil color from the Northern back country Colonial Singapore experienced early industrialisation as a lead of the raw materials that was coming from the North\r\nProposed Defence / Motivations\r\nResults\r\n1819 †1827\r\nserial publication of gas pedal batteries over the island with a major artillery fort on Pearl’s Hill Singapore was wor th defending in interpret of Dutch threat\r\n†Britain in debt from administering expanding Indian empire, unable to fund the exonerations †Britain did not grasp the Dutch threat grave nice to improve defences 1843\r\nProtect the entrance to Kallang River, New Harbour at Tanjong Pagar with series of artillery batteries and forts. In view of the opening up of China after the Opium War, Captain better(p) proposed to beef up defences in Singapore as part of a greater sea lane from Singapore to China. Series of Artillery batteries & forts\r\nVS\r\nNaval squadron from Bengal\r\nlocal anesthetic merchants wanted batteries but were not unbidden to pay for it / Bengal argued that naval squadron was more telling 1878\r\nAdvent of steam ships, Suez Canal and telegraphy brought the Empire â€Å"closer”. Small conflicts no longer local and could escalate into wider conflicts study McCullum propose strong naval draw with secure chain of ports and coaling station as c ombat support Fortification of Singapore carried out among together with Hong Kong, Sri Lanka, Mauritius, etc. 1921\r\n furthermost East Fleet to counter an acclivitous and hostile Japan, and also to protect\r\n spare-time activity in SEA and Australia Imperial multitude reviewed and decided with only the construction of a naval base and not a Far East Fleet construction and fortification of Singapore started in 1923 and finished only in 1938 1945 â€\r\nBritain came out of WWII bad weakened but still had an empire to govern. She wanted to de-colonize and bring colonies under the â€Å" tribe” umbrella, maintaining a certain influence over them Saw Singapore as an important pivot to combat collectivism in the region Britain increased defence in Singapore to maintain her military front in the region\r\n soft diet’s English educated members and Indian politicians appealed to workers and unions period downwind Chin Siong’s Chinese roots appealed to the China-born voters who had yet to shed their Chinese chauvinism. As such, PAP won the option against Lim Yew Hock’s Labour forepart Britain was unaware of LKY’s agenda fucking LKY’s seemingly enigmatic excerpt of working with the communist despite PAP’s anti-communist ideology\r\nReasons for fusion\r\nWorries of Merger\r\nPAP\r\nEconomic:\r\nCreate jobs for an increasing population\r\nIn order to sustain declining saving, compulsory Malaya as a hinterland and Malaya’s consumer market to aid her modify entrepot Without coalition, Singapore unable to touch neighbouring countries’ low production cost and large market Politics:\r\nHave to pull through their electoral promise of delivering independence to Singapore Independence could only be achieved through merger\r\nFinancial Singapore wanted to collect all tax taxation within the island and pay an agreed enumerate to the key government Malaya wanted all tax revenue to be pile up centrally and give Singapore what they needed\r\nCitizenship\r\nSingapore was not comfortable with the calamity of relegating to second class citizens in Malaysia; citizenship rights were not ironed out Malaya\r\n interrupt the defeated Malayan Communist company from using Singapore as a springboard to mount a echo Sweetener in B take inei, Sarawak and North Borneo ïÆ'¨ Although Borneo was unhappy, their complains were handle by Britain ïÆ'¨Made North Borneo part of the merger deal to sweeten the deal for Malaya Chinese radicals in Singapore whose carmine riots were well-documented Did not want to lose central control over Singapore after merger Britain\r\nFavoured merger to keep communism in the region in go\r\nHas vested interest in Singapore in their established military base, hence did not want Singapore to turn to communism\r\n1954 †1955\r\nNumber of Chinese riots and clashes including the Hock Lee Riots and Chinese students over the new guinea pig Service Ordin ance 1959\r\nPAP won election with help of Left-Wing radicals Lim Chin Siong and Feng Swee Suan\r\nSingapore granted self-governance by the British\r\nMay 1961\r\nTunku announced contemplation to bring Singapore, Borneo, Brunei & Sarawak under the Malaysia Jul 1961\r\nPAP loses second by-elections in Anson engineered by the Communist Aug 1961\r\n13 PAP rebels formed the Barisan Sosialis which opposed merger family 1961\r\nBroad agreements to the merger reached, working committees to be formed to iron out details of merger â€Å"before June 1963” Sep 1962\r\nSingaporeans vote for merger in the subject Referendum\r\nFeb 1963\r\nOperation Coldstore arrests key left-wing and presumptively pro-Communist\r\nleaders Jul 1963\r\nFinal negotiations in capital of the United Kingdom in search of compromise in financial arrangements & a common market Sep 1963\r\nNew alignment of Malaysia with Singapore\r\nPAP wins elections in Singapore despite UMNO’s participation Nov 1964\r\n first of all Malaysian Budget unveiled, DPM Goh calculated that Singapore’s taxpayers contributed to 39.8% of the budget even though it had 17% of the population of Malaysia Singapore saying tax on diesel oil and sugar\r\nJul 1964\r\nMalay-Chinese race riots, Syed Ja’afar Albar flamed LKY on different mediums Apr 1964\r\nPAP registered as a Malaysian political party to run against UMNO led alliance and won one seat, threatening UMNO’s political position Feb 1965\r\nTalks on disengaging Kuala Lumpar from Singapore was stopped by Britain May 1965\r\nIn the beginning(a) Malaysian Solidarity Convention, LKY challenged UMNO’s policies for solving Malay’s poverty; argued for a Malaysian Malaysia where race does not play a part Direct challenge to UMNO-led alliance that was split between racial lines Jun 1965\r\nGoh Keng Swee and Tun Razak held transcendental talks on separation without Britain sagacious Aug 1965\r\nSeparation\r\nAfter 1965\ r\nResumed industrialisation, welcoming FDI in Singapore that was not possible under Malaysia Resumed Indonesian barter trade that was not possible due to Malaysia-Indonesian relations Trade in traditional produce †tin, rubber and rice †gave way to trade in petroleum, petroleum products, shipbuilding and services Bank of China kept institutions in population\r\n1967\r\nSing dollars came into existence\r\nLongue Duree Problems\r\nRespond / Results\r\n leave out of Sense of Belonging\r\nSingapore has been an immigration haven, population comprised of immigrants, descendants of immigrants who had been living and working within their respective ethnic groups assorted groups of people with diverse language, historical and ethnical background meant that they did not have a find of belonging in Singapore People had no stake it Singapore\r\nCreate a common identity, share experience in WWII\r\nEspoused principles of Equality, Meritocracy, multiracialism and multiculturalism 1 967, introduced NS, fostering sense of Nationhood\r\nResettlement program offers cheap trapping raising standard of living of Singaporeans tremendously, it also provided Singaporeans with a stake in the kingdom\r\nSmall town Defence\r\nWas very vulnerable fresh out of separation, threats from Indonesian Konfrontation, Malaysia, etc ïÆ'¨ intended to rely on British military presence but they withdrew in 1971 Chinese country in a Malay region\r\nDeterrence is Singapore’s best form of defence\r\nïÆ'¨ poison shrimp †porcupine †dolphin\r\n1971, ASEAN was established to serve the need for regional corporation in matters to foreign personal matters Singapore befriended global powers like the US\r\nPowerful friends + Local defences\r\nEntrepot trade susceptible to global swings\r\nSingapore’s economy is one of a raw material port that supported the primary economy of a large rural hinterland ïÆ'¨ In 14th, served Riau and Borneo\r\nïÆ'¨ Early 20th, served Malaysia\r\nIn 1965, Malaysia’s trade barriers, Indonesia’s Sukarno administration and China’s Cultural Revolution made it impossible for Singapore to rely on their traditional economic pillars Enterpot trade was rattling susceptible to global trends\r\nManufacturing\r\nEmbraced colonial past and opened up to West\r\nImport-substitution manufacturing for domesticated market to manufacturing for Western market schooling and training realigned to upgrade economic productivity Business-friendly labour laws passed\r\nFinancial Sector\r\nInsurance, international banking corporations encouraged to establish Asian base in Singapore Shipping\r\n amend port and shipping capabilities\r\nResults\r\nBy 1975, Singapore was the world’s 3rd busiest port\r\nGDP increased tremendously in early independence\r\n'